How long can some pathogenic organisms survive in heat to freezing moist soil?

Pathogenic organisms can exhibit remarkable resilience to environmental conditions, including extreme temperatures and freezing. In moist soils, certain pathogens can indeed survive for extended periods, sometimes ranging from months to years. The survival time can be influenced by the type of organism, soil conditions, moisture availability, and temperature fluctuations.

The option indicating a survival period of 1 to 2 years aligns with research findings that show certain pathogens, like certain bacteria and viruses, are capable of persisting in soil under the right conditions for extended times. This ability to survive underscores the importance of proper waste management and environmental controls, particularly in agricultural practices and areas of potential contamination.

In contrast, the other options suggest much shorter survival times that do not reflect the hardiness of these organisms in moist soils. The longer survival capability emphasizes the need for vigilance in monitoring and managing environmental health risks related to pathogens that can survive in soil.